If it helps, I can explain the difference between Civil Servants and Special Advisors (SPAD)
I'm not aiming this at anyone, just sometimes I see some people may not understand how it all works.and the difference.
Disclaimer: this is just going to be the basics and quite a long post.
Civil Servants
I'll firstly admit, I am biased because I'm a Civil Servant 😁
We are employees, paid by the taxpayer.
We work for each government department, regardless of which politcal party is in power.
Our own political opinions should not and do not influence how we do our jobs.
We are hired under the Employment laws, i.e open and fair, applications, interviews etc
We are also sacked under Employment Law I.e following HR policies.
Our role is to listen to the Minister and whatever policy they want to do, Civil Servants have to do it.
The issue is, most Civil Servants have been working for 20 -40 years, so we have seen it all. We know the problems, what works, what doesn't work, the legal issues etc.
Civil Servants will try to explain the pitfalls/issues to the Ministers.
But this causes problems: Civil servants think they are being helpful, Ministers think we are being obstructive.
This is why the likes of Dominic Cummings loathe Civil Servants, he and the Ministers think they can just announce a policy and Civil servants should just do it, no questions asked.
Helen McNamara, Marton Reynolds, Simon Case etc are all Civil Servants.
Special Advisor (SPAD)
These are not really "employees" as such, I'm not sure how you would describe thier Employment status.
They are hired by the Prime Minister or Minister.
There is no normal hiring process. PM and Ministers will hire whoever they like, always people who share thier political opinion.
Boris and Dominic is an example. Boris became PM, he rang Dom and said "I'd like you to be my spad", Dom said "Yes please"
But with this comes the risk of firing. They can be fired without real cause and on the spot.
The SPAD role is focused on helping the PM/Minister to come up with policies and give them advice and what they think the priorities are.
SPADs cannot influence or control the Civil Servants, they can only influence and control the PM/Ministers.
Ideally, how it should work is this:
▪︎ PM/Minister with the SPAD, come up with a policy they want to introduce.
▪︎ Once they come up with a plan, they invite the Civil servants in, to explain the policy and plan.
▪︎ The Civil servants explain what the risks are, any legal repercussions, what actions they need to take, the next steps, how long it'll take to get put into place etc.
▪︎ The PM/Minister listen to the advice and can amend/update the policy, mitigate the risks and so on.
▪︎ The Civil servants go off and get it all sorted.
That's basically, in a nutshell, how a good respectful government should work.
(Nb, I know I've missed some bits out)