Most forms of food poisoning (ie salmonella) would take longer.
However, viral infections can take hold very quickly. Norwalk virus is one of the commonest (the 'winter vomiting' bug you hear about in hospitals) and if someone working in the takeaway is a carrier then you could catch it that quickly.
The good news is that it is fairly mild and quickly passes - although it is very infectious and can cause problems for someone with a suppressed immune system.