@PilgriminProgress thank you for such a long and detailed reply!
I'll answer this in sections as I'm not sure how long this will be! I will state at the outset for anyone else reading that there are a number of variations on the timing of the Rapture (for those who believe in it and many do not). Some think it'll be mid-Tribulation or even Post-Trib. It's not a hill I'm going to die on but so far I lean towards pre-Trib.
You state that the Church will be gathered to Jesus (the Rapture) before or at the beginning of the Tribulation. However, the Bible provides no explicit evidence for a pre-Tribulation Rapture. Instead, Scripture emphasizes that believers will endure trials and persecution. Matthew 24:29-31: “Immediately after the tribulation of those days... the Son of Man will appear in the sky, and all the peoples of the earth will mourn. They will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. And He will send His angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather His elect from the four winds, from one end of the heavens to the other.” This passage places the gathering of believers after the Tribulation, not before.
Yes I agree with you that there's no explicit evidence, and that Matt.24:29-31 refers to the second coming at the end of the Tribulation. No arguments there. However where I differ is in who the elect mentioned here are, and would argue that these are the Jewish remnant who have become believers during the Tribulation, along with those Gentiles who have also come to faith during this time and survived, as well as the OT saints. The Church believers will have already been gathered prior to the Tribulation or in its early stages as mentioned by 1 Thess.4:16-18.
Also see Zechariah 12:10 "And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and pleas for mercy, so that, when they look on me, on him whom they have pierced, they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for an only child, and weep bitterly over him, as one weeps over a firstborn." This prophetically refers to the mourning over the crucifixion of the Messiah (the firstborn over all Creation Colossians 1:15) and the realisation of this wrongdoing, which leads to repentance of the nation of Israel, which has been God's plan all along.
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John 16:33: “In this world, you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.” Jesus assures believers of tribulation in this world. The notion that Christians will be removed before suffering contradicts the overarching biblical theme of perseverance through trials.*
Of course we Christians have suffered terrible persecution since the very beginning, as we were warned by Jesus. I do see where you are coming from with this, but the Tribulation will be so much worse than any of what has gone before, and on a world-wide scale. I believe God will spare the Church from this. The Rapture is in line with Jewish wedding traditions if you think of Christ and his bride the Church. The groom (Jesus) goes to his father's house to prepare a place for us (John 14:3) - that's what He is doing now. Then he will return at a time we don't know, an Jesus doesn't know, but God the Father knows. At that point Jesus will meet us in the air to collect us and take us back to the Wedding feast in Heaven.
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You argue that Old Testament saints and Tribulation believers are excluded from the initial gathering. Yet Scripture consistently describes salvation and glorification as one unified event for all God’s people. Hebrews 11:39-40: “These were all commended for their faith, yet none of them received what had been promised, since God had planned something better for us so that only together with us would they be made perfect.” Old Testament saints and New Testament believers are made perfect together.
If the Rapture is pre-Trib then Tribulation believers/saints would of course be excluded as the Tribulation is yet to happen. So if the Church is removed, then the Tribulation events begin, from that point on for the next 7.5 years others will come to faith (although under extremely difficult conditions) and will have to wait for the second coming of Jesus, along with the Jewish remnant who will also come to faith at that time. You could say it's a logical outworking of that timing.
I will look into this further though, I am certainly not 'done and dusted' in my beliefs there.
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Revelation 7:9-14: The great multitude in white robes who come out of the Tribulation includes believers from “every nation, tribe, people, and language.” There is no distinction between groups in terms of their ultimate glorification. The idea that believers’ works will determine their authority in the Millennial Kingdom is challenged by the equality of all believers in Christ. Ephesians 2:8-9: “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God not by works, so that no one can boast.”
I should probably stress again I'd argue there are two Kingdoms to come, firstly the Millennial Kingdom (again for anyone else reading, not everyone agrees about when this is, some think we are already living in the Millennial Kingdom, others think it's just symbolic, etc.) which is 1,000 years in length (again people debate whether this is literal or not) and then after a final skirmish with Satan who is released for a short time resulting in his defeat, the final Great White Throne judgment ensues, ushering in the Eternal Kingdom. So yes I agree that in the Eternal Kingdom (after the Millenial Kingdom and final judgment) there is no distinction between believers. Nothing works-based at all.
Our salvation and eternal standing before God are based entirely on grace, not works. 100% percent agreement with this. We cannot earn our salvation, it is through grace alone.
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The concept of a literal 1,000-year earthly reign of Christ is debatable. Many Christians interpret Revelation 20 symbolically, not as a literal timeline.
Yes I realise this, which is why again it's not a hill I would die on, but as I'm a Dispensationalist I favour the literal interpretation. I expect as I study and learn further that my views may or will shift. As I said elsewhere, I'm OK with others' beliefs on the end times, and certainly wouldn't want to force my views on anyone, as no-one has the definitive answer! God told Daniel (12:9) "He said, “Go your way, Daniel, for the words are shut up and sealed until the time of the end."
Plus I don't think it's right to go down the 'I'm right and you're wrong' route because that's divisive and the Enemy loves to divide people. Basically we agree on the central tenets of the faith and we are all looking to the return of Jesus however that comes about, keeping the commandments Jesus gave us, and spreading the gospel. That's what really matters.
Apologies for any typos, misspellings and general lack of sense!
Edit: Reading over this I can see tiredness got me, there's a lot more to be said re the rewards area but honestly I'm too tired to go into it further. I can recommend an excellent book, 'The Footsteps of the Messiah' by Arnold Fruchtenbaum, a Messianic Jew. He outlines all the OT prophecies and analyses in detail the possible events to come and some timings, and arguments for and against various views.