The latter.
The complete lack of basic numeracy in the wider population when it comes to statistics is depressing.
As for prohibitions - women have at varying times been told to work, not to work, to exercise, not to exercise, to drink in small quantities, not to drink at all, to eat liver, to avoid liver, to avoid coffee, to drink coffee and to remember an ever longer list of prohibitions - shellfish, cheese, eggs, liver, salads, cats, eating out - the list is endless. Most of these recommendations have been based on pitifully poor data and have more to do with prevailing biases and assumptions.
What I’ve never seen is the same generalised prohibitions for pregnant women against shopping, cooking, cleaning, sex or any of the other “women’s jobs” in the domestic sphere which might just impinge on men’s lives.
I’ve never seen widely publicised general prohibitions to men to avoid smoking, drinking or any of the activities/foodstuffs which can be shown to affect the quality of sperm.
We could look at traditionally teetotal populations against non teetotal cultures (which after matching for other factors is how we compare other effects of dietary differences). It is however much easier to give women a long list of “don’ts” with no thought to the impact on their lives.
I’m not aware either of any assessment of stress and wellbeing amongst pregnant women being subjected to this barage of prohibitions.
Just because you granny was told something doesn’t make it wrong. Just because its said today doesn't make it right (and if you believe it does, I have some fine crystals to sell you). Both cases need data to back them up, preferably data which is disaggregated enough to be relevant to the patient.