@Tandora But even leaving aside that claiming someone wanted to be a woman was a well-known Roman insult, and that cinaedi often dressed up as a woman to role-play gay sex, none of any of the account suggests anything close to the description of “gender dysphoria” you posted upthread, does it? A man who likes sexual debauchery pretending he’s a female prostitute in a brothel or expressing once that he wants to be penetrated “like a woman” doesn’t mean he has anything like “gender dysphoria” in the modern sense.
Male prostitutes often did so in eighteenth century “Molly houses’ (from the Latin molles, effeminate or unmanly) — but that didn’t mean they had “gender dysphoria”: they were engaging in sex play. Ditto gay men in the last couple of centuries dressing in drag: it doesn’t mean they are all “trans”. A desire to make them so is projecting back onto them something that they themselves would not have recognised. Men in Roman culture had sex with other men, and some acted out “feminised” sexual roles, but under cultural circumstances in which they would have rejected the idea of this meaning that they really wanted to be women. (In the same way that many gay drag performers reject the idea that they actually really want to be women.)
I am not suggesting that somewhere in the past, individual people never had some kind of desires or experiences that one might recognise as an antecedent to the contemporary idea of “transgender”. But if they did, they have left remarkably little evidence, despite tons of evidence of same-sex sex. You are talking about eras when it would have made very little sense to people even to talk about the idea of “gender” being different from sex. Homosexuality as a concept (indeed, sexuality itself as an identity rather than a set of natural behaviours or an immutable, divinely ordained way of being), did not quite exist in the same way as now. It’s pretty difficult and a matter of conjecture even determining what made up same-sex orientation in the past. There is a huge amount of work going back decades on how homosexuality as an identity is not recognised as such in large parts of the world, or the past, despite people always having engaged in same-sex sexual activity.
These are all malleable and changeable concepts, that differ across time and place, not transcendent givens. For example: it’s only very recently that homosexuality has been widely considered “inborn”: as recently as the 1990s this was extremely widely debated (with many gay and bi people more drawn to “spectrum” models of sexuality, for which there was a reasonable amount of evidence). This may well change again in twenty years’ time (after all, as I said, people have been looking for biological or neuroscientific markers of homosexuality for 140 years with no success - this idea of “virilization” in the womb still remains conjecture, and how in any case does it explain homosexuality in both sexes plus bisexuality?)
Transgender as identity makes much more sense from the early twentieth century onwards, when ideas of sexuality and “gender” start to become available in new ways. But cross-dressing and gender nonconforming behaviour did not necessarily mean “trans” in the current sense at all: largely because people who experienced same-sex desire were told they “must” be the opposite sex (“inverts”), and cross-dressing was one legitimate way of expressing sexual orientation. (Many gay and lesbian people were actually very resistant to “inversion theories”, but they were quite often the only available understanding of homosexuality, and came with a veneer of “science”.)
Saying these people must have been “trans” is imposing your contemporary ideas on them in ways that flattens out and appropriates their own “lived experience”. Instead of looking at AI summaries or BBC articles or Wikipedia, why not actually go and read some of these actual texts — start with Ellis and Krafft-Ebing and Hirschfeld, and the diaries and writings of people like Radclyffe Hall and EM Forster, and some of the substantial amount of scholarship on sex, gender and sexuality that’s been produced since the 1960s — and then start on Freud and Klein (hint: Freud actually had a very different understanding of sexuality, sex and gender than the sexologists of the time).
Then come back to us with your understanding of these ideas deepened and broadened, and then we can talk.