You're overly paranoid. The things you mention can only happen if you're giving away a whole load of extra information you shouldn't be, or you're making other stupid decisions.
Money laundering - paying money into your account without your consent.
Someone couldn't contact you to tell you they'd laundered you money, because they wouldn't have your contact info. So they're just giving you money. And presumably if you're an honest person you'd contact your bank about that if you did believe someone had put money into your account mistakenly, regardless of what you thought they may be doing.
Phishing - pretending to you they are your bank because they have that number.
People should either be directly logging into their banking website or app or going into a branch. Ignoring texts, calls, emails etc unless they've requested them. Any that you're uncertain about, go into a branch or contact directly via your actual bank account (not links to them).
With your name and address, use the info to bolster fake loan applicaitons.
They'd need your address and your birth date and proof of address such as a utility bill and likely a copy of your ID for that.
Set up a direct debit using a fake signature.
Ditto, and you can cancel that easily and get your money back.
Using the postal system in general is more risky than giving someone bank account details to pay you. It's easy to tell when there's a card in the envelope and easy to see from the return address whether something is sent from a bank. Or even just any kind of letter that has someone's full name, birth date and address is enough to cause damage if you know the right places to use it to take advantage of their credit score. If you're a postie or post office worker you can easily intercept things.