Yes, Rolf runs out onto the road and is hit by a car (I think?), and it's definitely gruesome Lydia's fault for not teaching him unquestioning obedience. 
Like the 'unquestioning obedience' in which the Robin has been schooled since babyhood that sees her run away from her group and wade into the middle of a dangerous anti-Semitic attack/riot that involves her entire schoolgroup having to escape the country.
(I mean, not that this wasn't an obviously brave and admirable thing to do, but it hardly suggests 'unquestioning obedience'! Surely a more natural response from an obedient child like Robin would have been to draw the attention of Bill or one of the older girls to what was being done to Herr Goldmann and wait for them to take a lead, not to dash out into the fray herself?)
I always wonder whether EBD had difficulty deciding which girl should have been the one who ran out and intervened and set off the whole escape plot which is the centre of Exile. In many ways, it's a more obviously Joey thing to do well-meaning and impulsive but I tend to think she didn't make Joey do it because Joey is old enough in this book to know she would be putting the entire school group in serious danger, but Robin is still too young to have thought it through? Though it still seems out of character...? Who else was with them on that trip to Spartz who might have been a more likely candidate?)