I think your title is the wrong way around: you meant blaming life choices on upbringing?
Clearly it is a complex issue. Nature and nurture, plus free will.
Obviously some parents are horrific, abusive and neglectful. The impact of this on a child is lifelong.
That said, they still do have a choice. Many of the very best parents are the ones who had the very worst childhoods, because they were determined to be the complete opposite of their parents.
Likewise many with lazy, feckless parents who can't be bothered to work become very successful financially because they determine from a young age to study and work extremely hard for a different life.
However, many do not, and repeat their parents' patterns. It's certainly far easier to become financially successful or be a good parent if you have grown up with those things and have a model to follow, rather than just a determination of what not to be.
Genetics play a large role. Some people are "dandelions" and can thrive anywhere. Others are "orchids" so will outperform the dandelions given the same positive environment and nurture, but be far more susceptible to collapse into mental health difficulties etc than a dandelion in the same negative environment. There is always choice, but the choices are much harder for some than for others. If you add in autism or ADHD, that compounds this effect: to excel or completely collapse depending on environment. Epigenetics is also very interesting.
So no, nobody can entirely blame their circumstances on their upbringing. Their upbringing, combined with other factors like genetics, can make things much, much harder for them though, to achieve stability and a decent life.
It is not possible to completely unpick the relative influence of the various factors on a specific individual. Therefore it makes more sense to focus on putting the right social, educational and healthcare supports in place to reduce the impacts of negative environments before they do so much damage.