Intrigued by the claim that the fetus recognizes cues of gender acceptability (thanks @Imnobody4) I followed the references to the original articles.
Rogena Sterling’s article is called “Narrativity in Becoming Sex/Gender”:
Sterling, Rogena. (2022). Narrativity in Becoming Sex/Gender. 10.5772/intechopen.104247.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360349769_Narrativity_in_Becoming_SexGender
The claim is on page 8:
Gender development begins at the time of birth, though some cues are even learnt pre-birth. Late in the pre-birth process, the fetus recognizes cues of acceptability within society of what it means to be their gender [51, 52].
Reference [51] is:
Martin CL, Ruble D. Children’s search for gender cues cognitive perspectives on gender development. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2004;13(2):67-70
Reference [52] is:
Witt SD. Parental influence on Children’s socialization to gender roles. Adolescence. 1997;32(126): 253-259
I found the full text of both those articles but disappointingly neither makes any mention of pre-birth or fetus.
The youngest reference to age I found in Martin & Ruble is:
“Six-month old infants can distinguish the voices of women and men, and most 9-month-olds are able to discriminate between photographs of men and women”.
The words ‘fetus’, ‘foetus’, 'pre-birth', 'birth' and ‘baby’ don’t appear in the article at all.
And the youngest age in Witt is:
“One study indicates that parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth”
and
“Children internalize parental messages regarding gender at an early age, with awareness of adult sex role differences being found in two-year-old children”
The words ‘fetus’, ‘foetus’, 'pre-birth' and ‘baby’ don’t appear in this article either. The word 'birth' only appears in the quote above.
At a stretch, did Rogena Sterling misinterpret “Six-month old infants can distinguish the voices of women and men” to mean six months post-conception, ie pre-birth? But then wouldn’t you infer that a 9 month old (post-conception) was a new-born baby, and would anyone really think a new-born baby can focus on photographs, let alone differentiate between photos of men and women?
Or perhaps the reference numbers are incorrect and I've looked at the wrong articles. Am I going to have to try to contact Rogena Sterling to ask for clarification?