Just to add a bit more color to the situation from my experience.
When funding a large project in Africa e.g. building a road, African governments can access western financing in the form of International Monetary Fund / World Bank loans or financing from the Chinese State.
IMF/WB financing comes with ESG...environmental, social and governance criteria that runs to pages and pages. Data collection is a headache in many African countries due to factors such as migration of nomadic households, civil strife leading to internal displacement and a variety of other issues. The social section includes women's rights and LGBTQ rights...a red flag to more conservative societies. It takes a long time to even submit the initial lending request requirements, and that's before a team from IMF/WB flies in to do the initial due diligence! Fun times with many more steps and submissions before the first debt tranche is disbursed.
Chinese lending does not have anywhere near the same level due diligence, and I never saw any ESG forms. The lending process is lightning speed from end to end versus IMF/WB. Moreover, Chinese lending requires the borrower to use Chinese companies as contractors. Often these Chinese contractors would bring in labour from China, thus the local population would not have employment or skill-building opportunities as sub-contractors or even general unskilled labour.
While African governments were delighted with China's softer lending criteria, many are rethinking their initial enthusiastic embrace of Beijing. As industrialized societies know, safety regulations are written in blood and ignoring environmental regulations has come with foreseeable consequences. In February 2025, a Chinese mining company spilled concentrated acid and poisoned the critical Kafue river that serves 60% of Zambia's population. Sections of the river died overnight and communities who have been there since time immemorial had to relocate to find potable water.
Zambian river died overnight
It is hard to think of the environment, but once people can't fetch water from the river to cook or bathe or get fish from said river, the environment suddenly becomes very very important indeed for politicians (and local chiefs) facing the wrath of a hungry and thirsty population.