Lots of what you describe sound like a particularly 'enthusiastic' teenage dog. So firstly know that whilst none of the desribed behaviour is ideal, none is particularly unusual either. So you don't have an abnormal one
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But you do sound overwhelmed and I think it is hard to give the right advice online for multiple issues like this, and get real change. I think you need someone with you who can show you, work with you and give you tips as you go along. Otheriwse it's too much information and too many changes for you to make alone. Find a good dog trainer (one who uses scientific methods) and look for a few one-on-one lessons in your home where they can see how you are interacting with the dog and help you.
However, in an absolute nuthshell, dogs only ever dog what works. If you want them to do something diffrent then you manipulate the situation so that what they are doing no longer works and what you want them to do works better.
So: biting you when you take something away from him? It's very hard to bite you and eat chicken at the same time. So he has a sock, throw down a bit of chicken nearby (or a few bits to keep him busy for a while) and pick the sock up. He cannot eat the sock, bite you and have the chicken 
You are not rewarding him for sock stealing - though eventually you may find you get a dog who brings you a sock to see if he can buy some chicken with it! - but you are showing him that no one is going to take anything away from him that he;s not already dropped for something better.
If you do this enough, you tend to be able to shape it into him giving you the sock happily and then, in a pinch, you will be able to take socks off him without treats because you've built up lots of experience when giving up the sock gets him chicken, so it's not a problem for him anymore.
Recall? A lead is your answer here and he won't be the first teenage dog to find he spends months 10-24 almost always on a lead unless you really are walking somewhere deserted. Better to keep him on a lead for these months than have him practice running off to other dogs all the time. In safer areas, such as secure fields or out in the open where you can see you are alone then keep up the recall for treats practice. It's a security bond for the future when he's trusted back off lead again.
For all the situations you describe, a good trainer can work with you to find ways to handle them like above - so that the dog wants to do what you want him to do, because he has learned that is the best way to get something good.