He probably feels you're on his case the whole time and all you care about is having a tidy home. He won't listen. You'll open your mouth with a damp towel in hand and he'll hear 'Blah blah' and/or think your'e being an unreasonable control freak.
IME saying stuff doesn't work. Pick your battles - personally (but everyone has their own 'buttons') I don't go on about mess. Better to let him experience the consequences. Eg you wash things in the laundry basket only - just say once - as matter-of-factly as possible (even though you're fizzing with annoyance) then when he asks where his jeans (or whatever) are you just say 'I don't know - where did you leave them? Have you tried your bedroom floor? (or whatever) calmly. He'll soon learn. And your relationship won't have suffered.
Ignore muttering, eye-rolling etc. And don't take the bad language on his phone personally. If he doesn't say it to you let it go. There's a generation gap (my parents thought it was dreadful to describe anything as 'hellish'!!!)
I agree with letting him have his phone until later.
Compliment him whenever possible and ask his opinions about 'stuff'. I think they sometimes think you're only interested in them if they 'obey your petty rules'.
I've a 16YO (and a 19YO) The 16 YO is pretty good really but I don't ask much of him (he puts his damp towels on his radiator though). The atmosphere in the home is quite good, but start saying 'Have ?...' and he gets annoyed. I just try not to, but it's difficult.
Finally
they don't do gratitude IME till they're 17 or 18. If you bring up the generous holiday he'll just think 'Why did you let me go if you have a problem with it? How unreasonable' Teenage brain syndrome.
I'm impressed that he sometimes thinks to clear up. And he's doing well to get himself to school. I make mine breakfast and put a bottle of water and snack in his bag every morning.