I have some friends, who are no longer a couple, who went through something similar with their 13yo daughter last year. There were physical fights between mother and daughter that included hair-pulling, pinching, pushing and wrestling.
Clearly the mother lost control and behaved outrageously, and failed to behave like a parent; but it was not so simple as to say she 'abused' her daughter, because the girl was 4-6 inches taller than her, equally strong or stronger, and wanting a fight.
I agree with the posters who say that provocation is what teenagers do, and that the adult thing to do is to rise above it and walk away. But I have also been on the receiving end of violence from my own much taller and stronger son, and I know how desperately frightening and threatening it is. If I'm honest, I can see that if my son had been a daughter, I might have fought 'her', rather than calling the police as I did.
In my friends' case, I could also see there was a background to it that included the husband repeatedly undermining the wife in front of the daughter, and failing to back up her parenting decisions, over more than a year. A common pattern was teenager is rude or aggressive to mum; mum attempts to discipline; teen refuses to comply and calls on dad; dad sides with daughter and revokes any punishment; teenager gloats and takes opportunity to openly disrespect mum; dad laughs.
From the dad's perspective, the mum was abusing their daughter. From the mum's perspective, the dad and daughter were abusing her.
It was thoroughly dysfunctional, and it sometimes felt like they were all children, rather than two parents and a child.
OP, in your original post, you said you wanted to make sure nothing like this ever happens again. Here are my suggestions, for what they're worth.
Agree as a family that today was appalling, and that from now on, you will have a 'no physical violence' rule. None. Ever. Agree that everyone in the family has a right to be safe and feel safe.
Agree that, as the adults and parents, you and your wife will uphold this, and if anyone starts to be violent, you will stop them - by calling the police if necessary.
Talk to your wife honestly about how things are for her. Is it possible she feels some of what I've described happening with my friends? Does she need more parenting 'back up' from you?
Parenting teens can be very, very hard. It is common for teens to be particularly awful to their mums. Your DD may be behaving in ways you don't even see. This does not excuse your wife's loss of control, but it may explain it - and with some extra support, she may be able to deal with conflict much better.
I suggest that you and your wife read the book "Get out of my life - but first take me and Alex into town". It gives insight into teenage behaviour and helps make it all feel less personal.
Consider some family therapy.
Good luck to you all. :)