I agree with lolaflares - your DH has a very fragile ego stemming from insecurity. Also agree with JaneB.
The way we were parented as children has a huge bearing on the sort of adult we become. I don't think it's so much that he's scared you will turn into her, but his poor r/ship with his mother in childhood will have left him with issues that he suffered for as a child (like the shouting so the neighbour can hear)and will surface again when the same thing happens. Almost certainly he won't be conscious of this and they will be unconscious(in the sense that he is not linking up the feelings he felt in childhood (related to his mother's shouting) and your just shouting up the stairs.
In a r/ship both partners "bring" into the relationship issues from the past, especially the way they were parented (again these are not conscious) issues. He will get defensive when you try to discuss them because he may then be reminded that he is more like his mother than he wants to be - in fact he could become really angry as he sees history repeating itself, and he probably doesn't know how to stop it.
I have been with my DP for 40 years and I could see many traits in him that were very like his father, who was controlling and domineering. It wasn't that he was like this with me, but I always knew he was desperately insecure because of the way he was parented by his father. His mother was quite a kind woman but couldn't stand up to his father. To make matters worse my DP had always put his father "on a pedestal" although as his father got old and lost his independence he was horrendous and my DP "saw" for the first time what his behaviour was like. It doesn't help that my DP looks exactly like his father and has the same mannerisms!
My DP was always fussy about "sets" of things, cutlery, plates,bowls and if an item was lost he would cause a great fuss. He told me once that when he was a kid, they always had odds and ends of these sorts of things and he made up his mind that he would have "sets" of everything. He's still like it a bit and buys sets of cutlery and a dinner service that we don't want or need!
In the end about 10 years ago I just felt I had had enough - our kids had left home and I wanted out. However he did have some very nice characteristics. In the end I issued an ultimatum - we went to therapy or I would leave and he grudgingly agreed. We had 18 months of therapy and the therpapist was able to help him to understand how childhood issues were still affecting him. She used to talk about the "there and then" (what happened in childhood) and the "here and now" He always said he couldn't remember his father being controlling but the therapist said this was not surprising because as children we just accept whatever is going on. It is only by looking at the adult's behaviour that we can trace back to how they might have been parente and their behaviour in the present is an echo of the past.
My DP's father was very very mean and many rows have been caused by my DP's worry that he is the same as his father. He can become very angry and irrational at times, almost like a 3 yr old in a rage!
Anyway the therapy really improved our relationship. I am not saying it is perfect (cus nothing ever is) but at least it has helped me to have more understanding of the cause or trigger for some of his behaviours.
I am not trying to excuse your DP and I can tell how hurt you are by his behaviour. I suspect his mother used to "stand over him" when he was doing something, even ironing. He won't accept any of this if you try to talk to him about it, because it is entrenched behaviour "the sins of the father (but inthis case mother visited on the sons" - not sure who said it but it is certainly true.
SO I don't think it is a case of you being in the "wrong" - and I have to say that unless he will agree to therapy (you need a psycho dynamic therapist whi will delve into your backgrounds) his fundamental insecurity will mean the r/ship will probably go from bad to worse.
If I am reading you right his behaviour is causing you to be anxious of what others feel about you. His behaviour is NOT your problem, it's his, but it becomes your problem because of the way he is blaming you for whatseem like trivial things.
Issue with an ultimatum - best thing I ever did! Sorry for long post.