I believe in God because the Qur'an confidently asserts that He is the Creator and that as a person learns about the world, they will be convinced.
... in which case your god is simply wrong! There are millions of people who know a great deal about the world but who are either non-Muslims or even non-theists altogether. Some of us have read the Quran too - even in Arabic - and remain utterly unconvinced.
Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, incidentally, did not invent algorithms (or even single-handedly invent algebra). He made some majorly important contributions to mathematics, e.g. the solution of linear and quadratic equations. The association with algorithms derives from the fact that his book on calculations using the Indian numerical system was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum - where the 'algoritmi' part referred to the calculations.
Algorithms preceded Al-Khwarizmi; Greek mathematicians developed solutions that we would nowadays describe as algorithmic, e.g. Euclid. The formalisation of algorithms as used in modern computer science was probably most strongly influenced by people like Turing, von Neumann, Hopper, Nash etc.
(Yes, this happens to be my field and I do get slightly anal about accuracy!)
but we have computers, incredible discoveries in physics, cell phones, the internet, incredible medical care, and countless other marks of human progress that couldn't have taken place without morality and freedom.
I'm not sure that you can really conflate the rather vague notion of "human progress" with scientific discovery in this way - especially where ethics (or "morality") are concerned.
As a PhD student I can certainly think of a multitude of situations in which my research might be a whole lot easier if the law or common decency didn't interfere.
This is not to say, of course, that behaving ethically is bad for humans (I agree that it's arguably good for us, though as an atheist I disagree about morality -and most definitely freedom - being based on religion). What I'm saying is simply that ethical behaviour is not necessarily a contributor to scientific insight.