Ummm Piffle, could I digress a moment and take respectful issue with your description of Pacific culture being based on violence? I have not lived in NZ as you have done, but I have worked there for 3 months, exclusively with Maori and Pacific Island groups and young people, and have an ongoing relationship (for 10 years now) with a mixed theatre company focussed entirely on culture and identity. Whilst it is true that there are high levels of violence, drink, abuse etc, that is in common with many displaced ghetto-ised and poor communities around the world, and impoverished rural white communities tend also to mete out 'rough justice' - in Canada, Rural America. Having lived on Marae for 3 months, I saw nothing that made me think Maori family values / culture is based on violence. Not much is known in the UK about Pacific island or maori culture - I think it's important not to generalise.
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I ahve realised that apart from a memory of my Mum slapping my arm in sheer exasperation on one particular occasion, I have no memory of any actual punishments at all. No grounding, no being sent to room or time out. No stopped pocket money or withheld treats. But I do remember being very clear when we had casued our parents displeasure, or they were disappointed because we had not lived up to our own standards. Not in an emotional balckmail sort of way, but in a way that made me want to behave well for the benefit of others. And nowadays, I don't park on double yellow lines PRIMARILY because of fear of parking fines, but because I accept it as part of a shared system of traffic/car management, and know that illegally parked cars block roads, slow traffic, block emergency services etc.
Of course punishments, of any kind, are meant to inflict something undesirable, and all instil a sense of momentary shame or embarrassment.
It's possible that i avoided punishment because i was so good at not getting caught (it certainly wasn't because i am a right goody-two-shoes) but if we can, we ALL (all MN-ers that i have seen post) try to pursue a discipline without punishment route, i.e use positive parenting to elicit good behaviour through understanding, kindness and respect. To an extent we have all failed (smackers and non-smackers alike) the moment we have to inflict 'punishment', so it can't be perfect by definition!