How long have you got onebat?
There is precious little difference between sociology and cultural studies at the margins, not least because at least in theoretical terms, most engage in the same territory. Now not everyone in the core of the disciplines (though quite hard to claim CS has a 'core'...) would agree with that but most cultural sociology crosses over with cultural studies A LOT. There is, you are right, a touch more of the notion of face to face empirical research in much sociology but many of my colleagues are theorists and spend their time reading and writing about exactly the same ideas as CS types, as indeed people in politics, gender studies, philosophy even literature.
Social anthropology a different case however despite some ostensible similarities. Not least because the anthropologists defend to the death their special status as 'in deep ethnographers'. That and having to have had at least one dose of malaria before they will give you a PhD in soc anth. And they are all utterly, stark raving mad.
But sociology defends itself these days by attempting to have some 'use'. Nevertheless there are different traditions. The critical tradition in sociology (if you've a lit background you will know the Frankfurt School perhaps) sees itself as offering the same review of modern culture as other disciplines.
Cultural Studies on the whole somewhere between sociology and eng lit and meeja studies. Main traditions really probably from the Birmingham School (Stuart Hall) and postcolonial critique (SOAS, LSE, UEL type places). But good old dose of lit crit theory in there too (Leavis, Williams, Eagleton).
Psychology and sociology on the surface must seem similar to many: both study people at the very least.
But in reality, despite politeness to each other and grudging recognition that we share some Big Names (Mead, Freud, Erikson...), we HATE and DESPISE each other, because we believe the other has Got It Completely Wrong. At its most crude, the distinction is between the inside and outside of the person: where Psychs deal in what's inside your head, I deal with how it relates to other people and the real world. [Am joking Fennel... ]
No, properly put, sociology is the study of human social structures and lasting forms of social interaction and organisation. But of course, these cannot be separated from individual agency. Social psychs and us get on very well, it's the rats and stats bunch who hate us.
But not as much as economists. Don't get me started on them...
I am a tart generalist when it comes to my discipline, hence my mediocrity.