In response to the original OP: If HRT protects later health in most women, why aren’t we all offered it, regardless of symptoms?
As someone who is already post-menopausal at 45 and very much intends to stay on HRT for as long as possible, I have thought about this a lot over the years, particularly as I had to battle to get HRT in the first place.
I think the answer is simply that most GPs are not up to date with current HRT information, and many are still holding much outdated knowledge. It is worth remembering that during their training, menopause is covered briefly, and it is rare to find a GP with a keen interest in it/who keeps up on new research. In my experience, many GPs think menopause is something that happens to older women, and it is when your periods have stopped completely, so if you're still having periods, they won't offer HRT. And, sadly, again in my experience, many older male GPs think menopause is something that women should just deal with, something I have had said to me on several occasions.
In some instances, GPs aren't informed enough to even prescribe the right HRT anyway, and why there should be more specialist menopause clinics. Menopause is a very real issue, and should be taken seriously and treated by specialists who know what they are doing. It is scandalous really that over half the population will go through menopause at some point, either naturally or due to surgery, and there isn't more funding, research or a focused approach by the NHS for all women to tap into and be helped by. This should be part of the discourse too.
Lastly, I feel strongly that regrettably, medicine and healthcare is geared more towards men. While I do not want to say it is a simple case of misogyny, there is a general lack of interest in women's health as a whole. I genuinely believe if men went through menopause, things would be very different.