"Please correct me if I'm wrong, but didn't Ukrainian President Yanukovych (whoever), heading a Ukraine that was edging closer to Europe, then (for some reason) changing direction to get closer to the Russian Federation, CAUSED the coup?"
You have a partial understanding, but it is not complete. Putin couldn't stand Yanukovch, he thought he was a crook, just like lots of Ukrainians thought too. Yanukovych was weighing up two offers, one from the EU and one for a trade pact etc with Russia and their economic trading union with Belarus, Kazakhstan etc. When he read the small print of the EU deal and looked at how much money and low oil prices Russia was offering, he realised that the Russian deal was a better deal for the Ukrainian people, and decided to go cold on the EU deal.
That caused panic in EU bigwig circles, and the result ended up in a coup that toppled Yanukovych as Neo-nazi type thugs threatened his life. The people living in Donetsk and Lugansk rejected the coup and believed it was undemocratic and have expressed their wish for more autonomy from the EU backed new government.
'Russian-esk elections are not known for their democratic legit-ness, what is Putin's current voter approval rating, 110%? lol'
Probably double that at a guess.
'The EU did neither arm separatists or march across the border into Ukraine, but Russia did.'
The separatists are heavily outnumbered by the rest of Ukraine and the EU wants the separatists defeated, that is why it did not arm the separatists. But lots of money was spent in Ukraine and there were reports in the Polish press that some of the Neo-nazis involved in the coup were trained in Poland. Ukraine is bankrupt and needs EU money, hardworking EU citizens' money, to bail them out.
"And for some unknown reason, as Putin has just told the world leaders in Australia he ain't going to stop - the government of Ukraine has got the hump, has finally had enough, and saying whatever it takes, it has to stop."
This is what Putin said to German TV in the past few days.
“You want the Ukrainian central authorities to annihilate everyone there, all of their political foes and opponents,” Putin said in an interview yesterday with Germany’s ARD television. “Is that what you want? We certainly don’t. And we won’t let it happen.”
www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-17/putin-warns-he-won-t-let-ukraine-defeat-eastern-rebels.html
'Doesn't Russia have the largest standing army in Europe, and the Ukraine 2nd, or did Russia taking the Crimea region reduce the Ukraine's standing army numbers?'
I don't know the numbers, but the Ukrainian military is no match for the Russian military as it is less modern and less well-equipped.
'Anyhoo .. 'the problem' can either by addressed by Russia NOT supporting the separatists by proxy/sending in troops OR Russia telling everyone within Ukraine who want to ruled by Russia, they can have a home within Russia.'
It is not as simple as that, because the people living in those regions have been there for centuries, it is their home and they are not prepared to accept an EU backed coup government aided by Neo-nazis telling them to accept its rule or get out of their homes.
"But as Ukraine in size, agriculture, industry and other 'stuff' is quite a prize to add to a less diverse Russian economy, the latter solution is unlikely to happen."
The rebels live in the richest part of Ukraine, full of mines and steel plants, that the EU deal would have led to being shut down in the usual restructuring and modernisation process that the EU subjects Southern European countries to. The rest of Ukraine is dependent on Russian oil and is practically bankrupt and needs EU taxpayers' money handed over by unelected EU bureaucrrats in order to survive.
Putin wants a federalisation and autonomy deal that would respect the rights of the Russian speaking Ukrainians who live in Donetsk and Ukraine, but of course the EU bigwigs and their puppets will not allow that.
So now the Eu backed government has said it wants "total war" against Russia.
But there is a statesman in the UK that they have not counted on - Nigel Farage.