I think we all agree that effort is what is best to praise, in the younger years and especially when older.
However, I think we also agree that pitching the self-esteem boosting right is important too. The difficulty does come when there is no effort required for a child at school. Sadly, that's a problem at some schools where the work is not of a sufficiently high level to ensure the child has to put some effort in.
Some do have more natural ability than others. A exceedingly high IQ can make work easy for some and difficult for others (if other probs also exist) but those who find academic work easy at a young age are often also behind with social skills, so fitting in, self-esteem, etc. are really key.
At my son's age (Yr 1), sports day requires no effort - they do not practice or know what they will need to do on the day. Those who win are naturally more able (age, size, etc.) and get rewarded for winning. Those naturally able in other things are not rewarded. I think we all agree that consistency is key and having something to aim for in the area you are more naturally able is usually the path most people follow.
I know a few people who are naturally able academically who have not been 'successful' in careers as they have been lacking the social skills required to climb the slippery pole, or do not know who to deal with their intelligence, how to make the most of it as well as how to deal with failure. It certainly does not match that those academically able will fly through life successfully and happily.
For my son, he is given work that he claims he finds 'hard'. The teacher says it's not 'hard' for him, but maybe he says that as he actually has to make some effort. Which I completely agree he should be doing. I certainly don't want him to cruise along never understanding what it takes to make a real effort and see what he can make of something. What I find difficult is that when he is making an effort on work that is 2-3yrs ahead of his peers it is not seen as worthy of any sort of recognition. I understand that it is difficult for the school to bring it up in assembly, but I spoke to him about the end of year and it seems that the teachers (his class teacher, the TA and the maths teacher) didn't make any special mention to him directly. I think it might have been good for his confidence to be told that he has been doing well. After all, it also requires effort that he has to go to a different class every day for maths, integrate in that class (a year above) have his timetable messed about, miss out on break times, etc. when timetables clash and so on. The sheer effort of asking a 6yr old to find their way to another class on time every day and deal with two new classes each year when they struggle with friendships could at least have warranted some praise.
I think we do all agree where and when kids should be given praise but have all probably had our eyes open to the differences in schools, what happens at primary, secondary, etc. and that it's tricky to get it right for every child in every setting.
Isn't that an arse though! Wish all kids had what they needed when they needed it (and no, not talking plastic Frozen toys!
) and that school wasn't such a damned lottery!