'Oral antifungal
The recommendation to use oral treatment for scalp ringworm is based on the exert opinion of the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) [Higgins et al, 2000] and the European Society for Paediatric Dermatology (ESPD) [Kakourou et al, 2010], and is supported by evidence from a Cochrane systematic review [González et al, 2007].
Oral antifungals penetrate the hair shafts (whereas topical antifungals do not and, therefore, cannot eradicate hair shaft infection) [Andrews and Burns, 2008; Kakourou et al, 2010].
Unless the prescriber is confident of the diagnosis and is experienced in treating scalp ringworm in children, specialist advice is suggested before prescribing an oral antifungal for children. This is because terbinafine is not licensed for use in children, and there is a lack of suitable alternative treatments.
Topical antifungal
The recommendation not to use topical antifungals alone to treat scalp ringworm is based on expert opinion from BAD, the HPA, and the ESPD [Higgins et al, 2000; HPA, 2007; Kakourou et al, 2010].
Topical treatments do not eradicate hair shaft infection, and although there may be temporary improvement, this is followed by relapse in most people [HPA, 2007].
Topical treatment is only used as adjuvant treatment to systemic antifungals [Kakourou et al, 2010].
The recommendation to combine topical antifungal preparations with oral antifungal drugs at the start of treatment to reduce the risk of transmission to others is based on evidence from case-control or cohort studies [Higgins et al, 2000].
The HPA recommends the use of selenium sulphide shampoo, ketoconazole shampoo, or another topically active antifungal (for example terbinafine cream) at least twice weekly during the first 2 weeks of treatment [HPA, 2007]. CKS has included topical imidazoles as an option because they are active antifungals, and all but ketoconazole cream are licensed to be used in children.
Ketoconazole is licensed for use in adolescents and adults only [ABPI Medicines Compendium, 2013e], selenium shampoo is licensed for use in adults and children aged 5 years and over [ABPI Medicines Compendium, 2012c], and terbinafine cream is licensed for use in adults only [ABPI Medicines Compendium, 2013b].'