For anyone interested in reading this kind of material, here is a journal report on three cases of subcapsular hematoma of the liver in newborn babies. One was delivered by Caesarian section with a difficult extraction. The article explains both the mechanism and the evidence for these children remaining relatively stable before a rapid deterioration.
www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/19/5684
This is the cause of death found for the child Dr Philip Bennett discussed on Radio 4 at post-mortem (2016), external review (2017) and by Shoo Lee's panel in 2025. The post-mortem for his triplet also found a subcapsular hematoma of the liver, though this wasn't supposed to be his cause of death.
The article also shows that treatment includes urgent blood transfusion. It's not clear why Chester never gave Child O a blood transfusion, even after they tested and found his hemoglobin levels had dropped. But it is known that the consultant and registrar on duty at the neonatal unit went AWOL and did not attend his collapse in the required five minutes - it was over half an hour before another consultant came to help. That had other failings are outlined in the hospital's own 2017 review.
https://thirlwall.public-inquiry.uk/wp-content/uploads/thirlwall-evidence/INQ0018008_09-10.pdf
If you look at the recently uploaded transcripts of Dr Evans's cross examination on this case, you can see him trying to justify ignoring the child's deterioration for the hours before Lucy Letby came on shift. I'd love to know if anyone finds his reasoning acceptable
https://www.reddit.com/r/LucyLetbyTrials/s/ag6nburVOq
TLDR: a stable baby can become unstable. Chester managed resuscitations badly, so a deterioration could become fatal where perhaps it might not have otherwise. As with "suspicious" collapses, Evans was extremely flexible with his definition of stability.