When my mum was starting out in working life (she is now 87 and has always been working class and a manual worker) , the pension landscape looked very different from today. The modern State Pension only came into force in 1948, after the Second World War, when the National Insurance Act created a flat‑rate pension for everyone who paid in. Before that, there was no universal state system, and even after 1948 the payment levels were modest, so most people still relied heavily on their own savings or family support.
Workplace pensions were also nothing like the norm for ordinary working people. In the early 1960s, actuarial data shows that around 65% of men in full‑time employment were in an occupational pension scheme but coverage for women was far lower. Many employers simply didn’t offer schemes to women at all, especially in retail, clerical work, factories, and part‑time roles. Even when women were allowed to join, they often entered much later in life because schemes required long, unbroken service and excluded anyone who took time out for childcare or caring responsibilities. Civil Service, Nursing and maybe banking or local authorities perhaps being the exception.
That’s why women born in the 1920s, 30s and 40s, like my mum and grandmother, often ended up with only a small workplace pension, even if they worked hard all their lives. This small pension was enough to deny them any state top up benefits and in real terms left them worse off than if she hadn't contributed.
The opportunities simply weren’t there when they were young, and by the time schemes became more common and more inclusive, they were already well into their working years and didn't have the disposable income to contribute as they wished. In my mums case this was aggravated by the fact that she divorced and she paid married women's reduced rate NI conts.
Their pension outcomes reflect the system they lived through, not their effort or commitment. Sounds like your mum was lucky but it wasn't the norm. Luckily companies must now offer pension schemes and they must contribute if you do. The problem is that if you live a life just on or just above the minimum wage, its unlikely you will have the disposable income to contribute to a private pension, and that is a big problem.