It sounds as if you were hyper-focused on asking your question and weren't genuinely part of the conversation. The best questions come from a place of genuine interest and when you feel you have something to add, rather than just trying to make sure you're speaking up.
Your later post suggests that someone else in the room was speaking at the time you asked your question. That's definitely a bit rude. There's nothing worse in a meeting than when sidebar conversations break out.
Without knowing your company, there may be misogyny at play here but it's impossible to know. It may well be simply that the man asked the same question at a more appropriate time. On the plus side, the fact it was well-received shows that you had a good point to raise!
I definitely don't think you should just stay quiet. Getting involved is really positive, especially if it's something that you find difficult. But it just takes a bit of practice. Try not to overthink about how you'll ask questions or put pressure on yourself to say something if you're not feeling it. Start slow and speak up when you genuinely want to make a point, and build from there. Keeping the focus on the meeting rather than yourself will make it easier to work out if it's a good time to speak rather than getting caught up in how anxious you feel and inadvertently picking a bad time.
I really, really, really doubt anyone else is thinking about this though. Honestly.
Try and let this wash over you and don't let it stop you from trying again.
FWIW, I am autistic and have ADHD so I completely understand the overthinking, the mortification, and how bloody hard it is to work out what to do in group settings sometimes!!