I've posted this before but just to correct some of the misinformation on this thread:
KS2 assessments and grades.
All children receive a scaled score in each of the following:
Reading (assessed by one exam),
Grammar, Punctuation and Spelling (assessed by two exams),
Maths (assessed by three exams), and
Writing (assessed based on the standard of independent writing produced within class and evidenced across 6 pieces).
The scaled score is between 80 and 120.
80 - 99 means a child is "Working Towards the expected standard for the end of KS2".
100 - 109 means a child is "Working at the expected standard for the end of KS2".
110+ means a child is "Working at Greater Depth withing the expected standard for the end of KS2".
This is how they are reported but it's the actual scaled score itself that matters. None of these are a fail: they are just lower scores. But some interpret a score of 99 or lower as failing. This isn't entirely correct nor overly helpful.
How scaled scores are used.
A child's scaled scores are used to identify their target grades for GCSE. These are not targets set by the school and cannot be changed by the school (although schools are welcome to set their own internal ones, they don't actually mean anything). These are not superseeded by CAT results or any other testing that secondaries might do.
Secondary schools are judged by how well they get children joining in Y7 to hit those targets in Y11. This is known as "Progress 8".
Why does that matter for the child?
There are a number of decisions made at a senior level in secondary schools that will be affected by the target grades of children. Parents are incredibly unlikely to be aware of any of these decisions nor how targets have influenced them. In fact, most class teachers will also be unaware as these are often decisions made by those in departmental leadership or SLT and, even then, only by people who are actively involved in the use or analysis of data.
What kind of decisions?
It varies from school to school but, personally, I have seen:
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Results/targets having an impact on which form group your child ends up in,
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Results/targets having an impact on which set your child ends up in, including some children being "locked" in a set that they shouldn't be in simply because they have to get a certain result and that's the lowest set still teaching the higher content. This also then means there are less spaces for children to move up from lower sets into sets teaching higher content.
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Results/targets dictating which band you are in with only certain bands being taught higher exam content and being allowed to sit certain courses like triple science.
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The targets for children being used to identify those who are on target by themselves and those who aren't, even if they are performing at the same level. This leads to resources being used to support/boast the children who are off-track rather than doing the same for children who could do better but are already achieving their target. This can even go as far as:
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The deployment of staff being informed by which children are "off-track" and those children having access to the stronger teachers.
I'm not saying that this is how it should be. In an ideal world, every child would progress at their own rate and reach their individual potential. However, this is how it's currently working in practice.