@Christinatherabbit
I live in a semi urban suburb of a major city with excellent public transport (three rail lines, numerous bus routes).
Kids in the local high school get driving lessons in the second year of high school. All the state paperwork related to driving permits and testing is done by the school. They also do the state mandated eye exam using the same equipment you find at the DMV.
Students are taught by PE teachers who are certified to teach driving. The school owns a fleet of driver's ed cars, and students head out to the local streets three to a car plus the teacher in the front passenger seat. They spend 40 minutes doing maneuvers, with the students taking turns driving. They do this a few days a week and on the other days they use the school driving simulator lab and sometimes watch movies featuring gory injuries resulting from lack of seatbelts, drag racing, texting while driving, drunk/high driving, and distracted driving.
There are sometimes too many students to accommodate in the driver's ed programme in any given semester, so failing the state written driving exam which is administered at the start of the semester bumps you out. So does not getting your birth cert to the school by the due date. Any cheekiness or disrespectful behaviour during the initial lecture on the programme will also result in forfeiting your spot. If they still have a surplus of students they eliminate students with birthdays falling late in the school year (July, August for spring semester kids, December, January for fall semester). These students will be accommodated in the next semester. Or they can do driver's ed in summer school.
You fail the entire course if you miss more than one in-car session. You also have to pass 90% of your in-car assessments, and all written assignments have to be handed in on time and passed or you fail.
Parents are supposed to do supervised driving practice outside of school hours. I have lived through supervising five DCs behind the wheel. It turned me into a jibbering wreck.
At the end of the semester the driver's ed teacher conducts a driving exam with his or her three students in each car. Testing includes various kinds of parking, changing lanes on a two lane highway, turning corners, getting out into traffic turning both left and right, making all the correct signals, reversing, observing traffic controls, driving on the motorway, using the on and off ramps, and more, pretty much everything you would do at a DMV facility.
Then in my state you have to keep a log of 50 hours of driving with a licensed driver and turn 16 before you go with your school-issued certificate and get your provisional license which will be turned into a full license at age 18 iirc though it could be 21.
You can be spot checked at the DMV too. They post three rrandomly picked numbers from 1 to 31 daily in the DMV facility, and if your birthday falls on one of those days you have to pass a road test before they give you your license. If you fail, you can go back again and try to pass. You don't need to take any extra lessons or get another permit.