In my area of the US there is a strict schedule to buying - usually 60 days from acceptance of an offer.
You are represented by a buyer's agent who finds properties to view and access to them, make an offer, review a counter offer, negotiate if necessary, and plonk down your earnest money which is held in escrow by the seller's agent. Once the offer is accepted, you are under contract.
The offer is in writing and states the dates by which the process will be completed. During that time the buyer has to secure a mortgage for X percentage of the purchase price, hire a home inspector to perform an inspection of the physical state of the building and its heating, AC, wiring, gas fittings, plumbing, foundation, chimney, windows, doors, floors, walls, insulation, roof, etc. as well as hiring surveyors to check the property boundary.
If all of that turns out to be satisfactory and the buyers wish to proceed, the parties proceed to closing on a date stipulated in the contract, or that can be negotiated. The buyers can also negotiate the price, or any credits for repairs or replacements of faulty appliances, etc, based on any problems brought to light by the home inspector. This is done by the buyer's and seller's lawyers and a new contract can be drawn up based on the outcome of negotiations, but the schedule remains. Once the price is finalised, the buyers apply for a mortgage and arrange with the seller for access to the house so an appraisal can be done. The mortgage application and appraisal go to underwriting. Usually it takes about 30 days to have a mortgage approved. Buyers and sellers then hire movers.
A final walk through happens the day before closing or the morning of. This is to check that everything supposed to be in the house is there and everything supposed to be moved out has been moved out, with no major damage done or changes to the description of the property since going under contract, and any stipulated repairs done properly.
At closing, usually at the offices of a title company, the title is produced, the down payment leaves the buyer's account and goes to the bank, the mortgage documents are signed, and cheques are cut for buyer's and seller's agents, and for buyer's and seller's lawyers. Fees are paid to the title company.
There are usually contingencies written into a contract stating conditions in which the buyers can withdraw their offer without prejudice and keeping the escrow - inspection report reveals problems buyers don't like, mortgage appraisal is lower than hoped for, mortgage application turned down, survey reveals property boundary issues, title is not clear.