Just reading this thread has my stomach churning. We fly a lot and I hate it every time.
Have gone through some terrible, white knuckle turbulence and I now know that flying to Asia over the Bay of Bengal is usually one of the worst stretches of air for turbulence, it is terrifying. It can go on for hours, feeling like you are being tossed around in the air. One time we could see on the map that the captain was flying around in circles and then backtracked for a bit and took a different route, he was obviously waiting for the new routing to be approved to avoid the awful turbulence.
Asia in general is often turbulent, flying over the Alps in summer can also be quite turbulent. Some parts of the US can be pretty rough. I have never flown across the Pacific but I believe that is another area where it is really likely to hit strong turbulence. Crossing the Black Sea on the way to the Middle East is another area where I have regularly experienced strong turbulence.
I have experienced aborted landings and aborted take offs, one time they were having difficulty retracting the landing gear, omg the noise of the grating and the motor whirring as they continuously tried to retract it, they eventually managed to get it up and he continued to the destination, I was sick with fear that it wouldn't come down for landing, thankfully it was fine. .
A friend was on a flight that developed technical issues halfway across the Atlantic, so they turned back to the departure airport, so had to endure another 3 hours back to where they took off from. That would be one of my worst nightmares.
There is a website called Turbulence Forecast and you can find maps of predicted turbulence, I often look at those before I travel and it does help prepare me, if I know that we will be going through areas of turbulence.