One of my dcs and I have adhd. As some pps have said, I think you need to separate the moodiness from the adhd. Being a teenager can sometimes mean grumpy, rude responses to parents. You can deal with that as you would any other dc.
Regarding adhd, yes I think there's a lot of micromanaging involved. But it also needs to be about helping your ds work out how to get organised, not just doing it for him. It is hard - I would much rather have a mum to sort out my life than do it myself!
I've gradually had to find what works for me, e.g. I can write long to-do lists, but then I'll lose them or forget to look in my diary. I like to set lots of reminders to buzz on my phone, and I write out big lists in coloured pen in a big pad on the kitchen worktop, so that I can always find it. It's good to simplify how things are organised as much as possible - decluttering and sorting school work by topic, subject, etc, storing things where they can easily be found or put away. It's a work in progress trying to find the best ways to organise, and it's different for each person.
I also find that it helps to have a short routine of things to do before leaving the house (switch off lights, close doors and windows, find keys, put on coat, lock door, etc). Those kind of physical routines are worth repeating over and over and sticking a big note on the front door, because I think they become a muscle memory after a while rather than just a mass of words on yet another list!
Definitely speak to school about the detentions, as well as any specific things that might help, e.g. I found school was letting me know far too late if homework wasn't done, so I asked if teachers could send a brief email the same day.