As others have said, it isn't always about giving the child what he/she wants, it's about doing what's in their best interests.
So in scenario one, for example, you'd have to weigh up whether the child actually needed to go to bed and get some sleep or whether they'd benefit more from some time watching a movie with their parents. Personally, I wouldn't put them to bed just to get them out of the way for the parents' benefit, I think that would be quite mean.
Scenario two - it would depend. I certainly wouldn't put the parents' jobs at risk in any way because that wouldn't be good for anyone in the family, but if it was easy to take leave for an afternoon and wouldn't impact on work, I might consider it. To some extent, it would depend on why the child didn't want to go to their friend's house or whatever e.g. the "friend" might be bullying them or there might be some other reason.
Scenario three - difficult to imagine this one as my child would never refuse going on holiday for a trivial reason. If there was a serious issue (e.g. abuse) then it would obviously be much more than just the holiday at stake. If it was a minor issue, then I genuinely can't imagine it getting in the way of the holiday in any case.
Scenario four - if one on one time was really needed, wouldn't one parent just take the dc out somewhere or go to another part of the house?
I don't think parents should pander to a child's every whim at all. Kids have to learn that they aren't the centre of the universe and that other people have needs too. At the same time, I think parents should put the best interests of their children first, even when it's a bit inconvenient. Sometimes, it might be in the child's best interests to learn that something other than their preference needs to take priority, but adults shouldn't use that to justify decisions which are actually made for other reasons instead.