[[http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_blackshirt.html 'Eternal Fascism:
Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt']]
'In spite of some fuzziness regarding the difference between various historical forms of fascism, I think it is possible to outline a list of features that are typical of what I would like to call Ur-Fascism, or Eternal Fascism. These features cannot be organized into a system; many of them contradict each other, and are also typical of other kinds of despotism or fanaticism. But it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it.'
- The first feature of Ur-Fascism is the cult of tradition.
- Traditionalism implies the rejection of modernism.
- Irrationalism also depends on the cult of action for action's sake.
- The critical spirit makes distinctions, and to distinguish is a sign of modernism.
- Besides, disagreement is a sign of diversity.
- Ur-Fascism derives from individual or social frustration.
- To people who feel deprived of a clear social identity, Ur-Fascism says that their only privilege is the most common one, to be born in the same country.
- The followers must feel humiliated by the ostentatious wealth and force of their enemies.
- For Ur-Fascism there is no struggle for life but, rather, life is lived for struggle.
10. Elitism is a typical aspect of any reactionary ideology, insofar as it is fundamentally aristocratic, and aristocratic and militaristic elitism cruelly implies contempt for the weak.
11. In such a perspective everybody is educated to become a hero.
12. Since both permanent war and heroism are difficult games to play, the Ur-Fascist transfers his will to power to sexual matters.
13. Ur-Fascism is based upon a selective populism, a qualitative populism, one might say.
14. Ur-Fascism speaks Newspeak.
'Ur-Fascism is still around us, sometimes in plainclothes. It would be so much easier for us if there appeared on the world scene somebody saying, "I want to reopen Auschwitz, I want the Blackshirts to parade again in the Italian squares." Life is not that simple. Ur-Fascism can come back under the most innocent of disguises. Our duty is to uncover it and to point our finger at any of its new instances — every day, in every part of the world. Franklin Roosevelt's words of November 4, 1938, are worth recalling: "If American democracy ceases to move forward as a living force, seeking day and night by peaceful means to better the lot of our citizens, fascism will grow in strength in our land." Freedom and liberation are an unending task.'
FDR is most likely turning in his grave now that America is an oligarchy and not a democracy any more.
Eco certainly nailed the Third Reich, but his wisdom is particularly acute when he says 'it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it'.
There is no room for smugness when it comes to fascism, and no room for flippancy, cheap shots or one-upmanship either, something Charles should reflect on.