We've ended up a home ed family. Originally I got back footed into it from necessity, then we all chose it as a positive option. It's opened our eyes.
The education system and media, pushes an idea that if you can't do X at Y point alongside everyone who was born around the same point as you, your options are now lowered and limited. It is very destructive for many, especially those who do badly through things outside their control. There are always other options.
Education is so much more than exams. A lot of the most important things I see in my Dc's and DGC's that are valuable and appreciated by employers and others, aren't marked by grades. Learning how and when not to do things is every bit as important as how and when to do them, along with resilience.
I'm now facilitating some of my grandchildren's education and some refugee children's alongside them. Life doesn't have to be a competitive race, or children seen as failures, or limited to only certain paths, if they haven't done as well as a random cohort at something at a specific age.
Exams can be resat. And at any age. They're not the be all and end all of life.
While it costs, there's little to stop a child in school from sitting/re sitting as a private candidate if their schools don't support them. (ours all sit as private candidates and meet school educated children doing this surprisingly often.)
Outside the school system there is nothing to stop those who do badly at a subject at GCSE from still going on to study it at A level and ace it. There are also other exams and accreditation's that can be useful if required. (Driving and AAT are particularly useful things a young person can have under their belt, and Arts Awards for those interested in arts and drama are good structured preparation for lots of things, and adapt well for differentiation needs inc LD's. )
Would be apprentices can take a year out and re-sit through school or home. (Guardians need to remember to tell hmrc they're still in full time education)
University can be applied for at any age. From 22 onward applicants become mature students who don't automatically need formal qualifications. There are lots of ways of showing you are ready for university study, if it's whats wanted.