There's something that weighs on my mind a lot regarding Afghanistan, Russia, and other current conflicts.
Germany changed after WW2 because Germany wanted to change.
Germany didn't change after WW1 because then it didn't want to change, and in fact wanted even more of the same.
It is this "wanting to change" which cannot be successfully imposed from outside.
Sure, outside agencies can help it along: there was a deliberate attempt at de-Nazification of postwar Germany by the Allies; and recent the Western presence in Afghanistan offered a certain amount of education for women and facilities for all (off the top of my head I can remember a big water-provision project).
But in the end, the interests which find their expression in the Taliban and their pals al-Qaeda have remained. So as soon as any obstacle holding them back is removed, they resurge.
The same is true in Russia. Even when Putin disappears (by old age or forcible removal), Russia will not suddenly change. Russians will not suddenly unlearn all that decades of tightly controlled media and education taught them about Russian history. Putin's imperial project is supported by extremist nationlists in Russia and will remain a threat to all the independent countries which were ever sucked into the Russian empire in whichever guise.