Who's Afraid of Gender and Gender Trouble bookend Butler's career and are very different books for very different times. I have a grudging respect for Gender Trouble, even though it's effects have been pernicious. It's a work of cultural criticism and in particular tries to understand the significance of sex as represented in popular entertainment, and deviant and and outsider art. In that way it's a continuation of Sontag's 60s literary criticism and her 70s criticism on photography - the breakdown of serious art and its replacement with popular entertainment: especially rock&roll and TV, which presented a totally reorganized way in which men, women and sex were depicted. Surely this phenomena must be correlated to subterranean changes in the modern psyche, a Nietzschian transvaluation of values. Gender then becomes the intellectual instrument with which to investigate that phenomenon. My grudging respect came from her ability to integrate disparate cultural trends, e.g. Water's Female trouble and the drag queen Divine's exaggerated performance, into a feminist theory.
Who's Afraid of Gender on the other hand seeks to defend trans ('trans' appears over 600 times) rights using a set of conventional arguments that we're all familiar with. All the intersections are present: climate change, capitalism, colonialism, Palestine, fascism, Trumpism, right-wing Christian conservatism, transphobia, homophobia, misogyny, racism, xenophobia, class... Trans rights is the spear head of women's rights because trans individuals most directly challenge gender conformity which is the great evil to be fought, blah blah blah.
There are countess instances of: <X> is against trans rights and also against <Y just cause> therefore we must support trans rights to oppose X (Putin, Meloni, Xi, Trump, DeSantos, Alito, Orbán, etc.) The number of straw men arguments is particularly exhausting, e.g. you don't need 'gender' to formulate an argument against Ratzinger's condemnation of homosexuality. Though, it must be said that the right's own formulation of the cause of the breakdown in traditional sex roles being the result of gender ideology helps her cause.
I do think that it's worthwhile pointing out Butler's poor treatment of the TERF position, limiting their arguments to a single chapter. Greer isn't mentioned, nor is Bindel. Shockingly, Joyce isn't mentioned, either. Butler takes a wack at Stock in a way that shows her unwilling to engage in a serious attempt to understand her arguments.
- Is sex a material reality - "As a result, she argued, to help children understand that someone assigned one sex at birth can elect for another sex assignment on the basis of their lived experience of gender is, in her view, to potentially distort children’s perception of the facts, or true reality—it is to harm children! "
- Are TERF saying trans people don't exist - "But one reason that better conversation is difficult to have is that TERFs <like Stock> are denying the existence of people who have had quite a hard time gaining social recognition, legal protection from discrimination, and adequate and affirming health care. "
- Transwomen in prison - "When Kathleen Stock focuses on a few instances in which trans women are transferred to women’s prisons and commit sexual violence, she is careful to add that not all trans women would do such a thing. And yet she does, along with J. K. Rowling, use such examples to explain her opposition to trans identity."
- Why is this the problem of women? - "And if her concern is only with women, she might consider that women belong to all those categories, are better served by joining into alliance with all those who suffer from harassment, abuse, rape, and violence within prisons and detention centers and seek to put an end to that mode of violence. With a bit of research, Stock could see that in the United Kingdom, it is reported that a trans prisoner is assaulted every month."
- Of course having single sex spaces is like race segregation - "Stock uses only one example from a prison setting to make a generalization. In calling for sex segregation where sex is equated with the sex assigned at birth, she rejects the idea that sex segregation is like race segregation, and imagines that women will be protected under such circumstances. But are trans women protected under that rubric? Or is their exposure to violence and harassment in men’s prisons of no concern?"
- But, what about the men - "Stock’s valid concern is that no woman should be subject to possible rape, and I agree that everyone should share that concern. And yet, if securing women against rape in prison were her main focus, should she not first consult the statistics on male prison guards engaging in precisely that activity, which, given their magnitude, should, according to her logic, lead to a policy in which no man ever works as a prison guard in any women’s prison? Perhaps she has signed petitions to this effect or written on this policy, but I am not finding it in my research."
- Genital inspection trope - "Stock’s argument for not letting trans women into women’s spaces—an overtly discriminatory position—seems based on the notion that women will feel unsafe if there is a penis in the room. Where does that idea come from? What power is given to the penis in such a scenario, and what does it actually represent? Is the penis always threatening? What if it is limp or simply in the way, or the last thing on anyone’s mind? When we raise our sons, do we recoil from their penises as if they were always and only potential threats to women? I am sure that is not the case, or perhaps I should more fervently hope that is not the case. Calling for segregation and discrimination can only seem “reasonable” when this phantasmatic construal of the penis as weapon is organizing reality. But that view cannot withstand the critical scrutiny of how analogy and generalization work in this position. If we were to find evidence, for example, that two Black people have committed crimes, do we then demand social policies that would make the entire Black community pay for those crimes? Or if one Jewish person overcharges for a transaction, are we then free to generalize about the avaricious character of Jews as a class? Clearly, we are not justified in doing so."
- The truly radical feminist is the one who accepts males as females - "It may be that the organ per se rarely appears in this scene apart from a phantasmatic investment of some kind, for if men understand that violating a woman is an entitlement, that entitlement comes from somewhere, and it is internalized, if not incorporated, as a capacity and power. Call me a radical feminist, if you must, but this social power was surely what earlier generations of feminists were clear about. In fact, the descriptions offered by both Rowling and Stock testify to this power. The trans-exclusionary feminist approach to banning those with penises from the bathroom or changing room, or mandating sex-segregated prisons, makes no sense without understanding the powers of fantasy that seize upon the organ (including those brought by penis-bearing men themselves), even when the organ is not a matter for concern or, indeed, as it is for many trans women, when it is put out of play. "