What do you think creates and upholds this structure?
The power of men over women which in many countries is not only enshrined in law but is enforced by society, including religion.In the UK, it was enforced by the Law of Coverture.
In which ways would you say it was maintained?
It is maintained by the unequal power of women at every level of society. For example, in government, in the judiciary, in powerful positions in organisations, in the media. In the way women are objectified, in the way women are overrepresented in low paid, low status work. In the way women are the victims of sexual harassment and assault, domestic violence and as responsible for the majority of housework and caring work.
And are you differentiating between societies which are legally and structurally patriarchal ( where men auomatically have legal custody of children after divorce, or where a woman's word is worth less than that of a man in law etc) and western societies in which there is equal rights provision and protection in law?
In every country in the world, women are under the oppression of patriarchy. It is worse in some countries than it is in others, for example living under the Taliban is worse than living under Labour.
However, VAWAG has been declared a national emergency in the UK and we have one of the lowest rates of rape convictions. We have some of the most expensive childcare in Europe, women are on average poorer than men and so on. It's on a spectrum.
What is 'equality' if we don't already have it, in your view? What does it look like in practice?
Equality would be an equal distribution of power between the sexes. It would look like raising women out of poverty, equal responsibility for chores and childcare, women on parity with men in powerful positions and so on. The elimination of gender stereotypes would be wonderful.