There's a long history of irreversible surgical interventions being made by the medical profession to "fix" difficult mental health problems and personality disorders. Lobotomies and hysterectomies are well known to have been significantly over-used.
It may be that a lot of these procedures were carried out because the patients were in a desperate state, but the underlying dangers are the same now as they were back then - we don't know how and why the transgender mental health problems arise and we don't understand the long-term impact of the highly invasive medical interventions.
As for the hormone therapy, we have also seen this pattern with the opiod crisis in the US. With opiates, a knowingly risky treatment was marketed as "safe" under false pretences (defective studies) and allowed to continue because of the amount of money involved.
Drugs like Oxycontin were sold as silver bullets to solve the genuinely under-valued and life-altering problem of chronic pain, and will have helped some of the patients prescribed them get their lives back. But in the end they were missold and misprescribed and their downsides minimised. They have done much more harm than good. A big part of that damage sits at the feet of those who turned a blind eye in the medical community and in the US government.