But crucially, in all the research, any specific genetic modifications are not unique to that group. They have evolved in other populations and in other places for various reasons.
There are tonnes of genes involved in skin colour. Or nose shape. Or whatever physical characteristic we might want to use to biologically define a group. But you’ll find those genes all over the place. It seems obvious to us that there should be a clear biological distinction, so we insist there really is.
The inaccurate idea that some races are biologically just different of at the basis of loads of racist practices.
Humans are sexually dimorphic for reproductive reasons. Anything we might want to call race is an entirely different thing, with completely different biological parameters and an entirely different social context.
Weirdly, the deep seated idea that race is more biologically real than sex lies at the heart of lots of racist and sexist practices. We are desperate to affirm the fussy and problematic biological difference that underpins racial identity and deny the much clearer biological difference that is a problem for gender identity.
The aspects that we might call ethnicity - shared culture, shared history, shared oppressions - are much more important to understanding racism and race identification than any biology. The biological differences are at least as important as that in understanding sexism and misogyny.