Historians who investigated the files of the Gestapo in Nazi Germany estimated that personal malice motivated 40% of denunciations to the secret police: wives who wanted husbands out of the way so they could be with their lovers (and vice versa) and workers taking office politics to the extreme.
Please tell me that I'm not the only one who had a cold, small, heart thump on reading that. 40%? I was aghast at this after following up the link and recognising the chilling effect here:
The German public progressively realised uttering critical comments against the regime in public had to be avoided. A study of denunciations from the court files of the Bavarian city of Augsburg shows that in 1933, 75 per cent of cases began with a denouncement after overhearing anti-Nazi comments in pubs, but in 1939, this figure had fallen to 10 per cent.
www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/careless-whispers-how-the-german-public-used-and-abused-the-gestapo-1.2369837
The dangers of speaking in public and the drive to self-censorship for fear of severe consequences from those who are exercising malice. However, I should highlight that judges frequently threw out the cases brought before them by the Gestapo.
The source for the Irish Times piece is: The Gestapo: The Myth and Reality of Hitler’s Secret Police by Frank McDonough
www.amazon.co.uk/Gestapo-Reality-Hitlers-Secret-Police/dp/1444778056?tag=mumsnetforu03-21
And, I don't know if this is an error, but a quick look at an Amazon review revealed these somewhat different figures to Cohen's:
Much of the Gestapo preliminary work was helped by two categories: first, Blockleiter / Block leaders, official party nosey-parkers who regularly visited tenements of 40-60 people, whose official function was handing out party literature, ration cards, collecting subscriptions, organizing funding winter drives, but in the neighbourhood locals sensed their duties went much further to inform, including warning the interested authorities to withdraw benefits from any “work-shy” characters…
The second, 26% of Gestapo cases, were initiated by members of the public, 20% coming from women turning against husbands, the rest from men bad mouthing the colleagues they frequented at work and in bars. A lot were based on personal grudges, and never related to the main complaint – like the listening to foreign broadcasts or making defeatist or anti-Nazi comments in bars under the influence of alcohol. It was simply because marriages were failing in wartime and one or the other wished to legitimise fast track divorces; judges and Gestapo officers were not blind and they felt they were wasting their time investigation pointless sordid affairs. Occasionally, the historian unearthed that Nazi German justice moved in strange ways against the denouncer and s/he found her/himself punished and frogmarched as a common criminal into “preventive custody”.
I'd need to consult the book to check what McDonough wrote but it's still chilling at its heart.