I guess many would argue there have always been trans people in societies. [I don't mean butch lesbians or feminine gay men who have been transed beyond the grave. ] But that is an interesting point - not sure if it has been discussed - re potential homophobia in very conservative/patriarchal societies, and the way trans people are accommodated in those cultures [to an extent, trans sex workers are of course very vulnerable] when gay people absolutely would not be.
For the women in Albania who swore to live as men and take a vow of life-long chastity - the decision has been a pragmatic one - to avoid arranged marriage and to be able to inherit the family home.
www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/05/women-celibacy-oath-men-rights-albania
It is a tradition dying out obviously, but interesting as part of the history of trans people [and of course a practical decision in a patriarchal society] Then there are the transwomen in the Iranian women's football team and the transwomen in the Phillipines and Thailand etc.
This guy [a professor of Gender Studies in Calfornia no less] seems to conflate several ideas in his piece for The Guardian, re Native American practices. It may just be bad editing of course, but he seems to start out by saying Native American culture accepted feminine men and masculine women with their 'two spirit tradition' and emphasises the acceptance of a tradition of homosexuality with these people, but then goes on to prove this is evidence of transgender people in those communities [um a very contemporary and western lens through which to view it]
www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/11/two-spirit-people-north-america
I think gender studies seems so often academically flaccid [hence my admiration of Dr Jane Clare Jones] It would be really good to know more about transgender traditions in earlier societies, and the difference between that, and just accepting feminine men and masculine women in less patriarchal societies.