SR, I don't have much knowledge of it. It just seems to be discussed in newspapers when talking about barriers to equality. They refer to studies that have been done that show children from poorer backgrounds are, on average, behind in certain developmental milestones than children from more affluent backgrounds. So children are at different starting points when they start school.
There was also a study that was in the TES years ago about traditional vs creative styles in reception class. The creative style was shown to widen the divide between children from different income groups and between children from different ethnic backgrounds by the end of the reception year. Essentially, while middle class children had been taught how to make the correct responses and interpret what was being covertly asked of them when they were 'playing' in class, because middle class parents effectively coached children in the earlier years in what responses are expected. The other children had been brought up at home to learn in a more structured way, and didn't understand what the teacher's expectations were.
Anyway, this is totally off the point. I just think that if differences between children from different backgrounds is significant when starting school, then learnt gender behaviour is also significant.
In terms of boys, I don't think it is really about feeling sorry for them. I think it is about asking how boys learn to be violent and aggressive and how they become alienated from school. That is a problem for society, not just for boys.
With both my children (a boy and a girl), I have taught them to fight back. Because ultimately you are better off suspended than seriously injured. I know that is controversial, but schools don't protect children very effectively from either physical attack or sexual assault. It would now seem that some schools are not even going to protect 4 year old boys from violence.