1.roughly how long does it take to get a puppy to be house trained to go outside?
As a rule of thumb, you are looking at 16-20 weeks of age. Some get it quickly others not. It depends on a lot of different factors: like the weather, how quickly you learn to see the signs, ...
For that reason I prefer to get spring or summer puppies, as I can spend a lot of time with them in the garden so 'accidents' happen there and I canrewardratherthanbe annoyed with myself for missing the sign.
2.how long does it take to train a puppy to be "well behaved" at a basic level - sitting on command, walking to heel type ?
3.how long does it take to train a dog to be well behaved at a very good level - excellent recall, barking controlled ?
I just lumber these 2 points together, because a puppy can learn basic commands very quickly at home with a bit of effort on your behalf.
BUT to actually do that command reliably in an unfamiliar place with distractions, it takes an average of 18-24 months.
I would highly recommend the Kennel Club good citizen dog scheme
https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/dog-training/good-citizen-dog-training-scheme/
Good things to know and reinforce from day 1:
Puppies sleep, go toilet, play, (feed) go toilet sleep, rinse repeat! It's similar with older dogs, so if you plan to leave them, it's walk, food & sleep (=you can go out for a bit!)
Religiously give your puppy a tasty treat when you call it! That's coming in from the garden, when food is ready, you don't know where he's hiding, training sessions, ... that will reinforce your recall.
An 8 week old puppy will follow you around (this will stop at around 10-11 weeks)
Use this precious time to walk your puppy around the house and garden. Use a comand like "walking' (& I also tap my leg) and walk a few steps with puppy beside you. Relise with another comand like 'free". Obviously keep doing this past the 11 weeks, as puppy should have learnt this.... so when it comes to loose leash & heel walking, you already have a solid comand that your dog understands!
When it comes to training, little and often will give you the best results, as you are conditioning your dog to do a desired behaviour.