It's the old nature vs nurture debate but yes, personality traits can (and are) inherited but not guaranteed.
For example, dogs bred to work closely with humans but at a distance from them - such as herders and gun breeds - tend to be more sensitive. This is probably a result of needing those dogs to be sensitive to verbal punishment from an owner than cannot reach them to physically punish them (most dog training has punishment in its history, sadly). So the dogs that were more sensitive tended to do the job better because they were more likely to listen to the handler. They were then selected for breeding because they were good at those jobs - and so the sensitivity continues. In a modern home, this can be expressed as a dog that struggles around noisy children, for example.
Similarly, it can help if your gun dog is pretty friendly to strange people and dogs - so that it can join a large hunt group occasionally. Friendliness to strangers is actually a baby-like behaviour that reduces dramatically as dogs age. So, in order to get that trait you need a dog that ages/matures more slowly. So when you pick very friendly dogs to breed from, you tend also to be picking dogs that mature slowly. Hence, gun breeds tend to take forever to mature.
Both poodles and goldies are gun dogs at heart, but both have different breeding pressures in their ancestry so you end up with similar, but not the same dogs. Not least, goldies used to be labs and were seperated off about the time pet ownership became more popular - so they've not specifically had much working criteria placed on them for about 100 years. Instead they've had a lot of pet criteria placed on their breeding which has resulted in their current temperament (for better and for worse).
Dogs also learn a lot from their mothers, so it's always important to look at her temperament. Things like the use of aggression (how easily she uses it and how far she takes it) can be learned in the first few weeks of life.
In short, your dog will be a combination of:
- genetic influence, both from ancestry and direct from parents
- learned influenced, both as a young puppy and after you take them home
- personal experience
All of which is why I talked about being prepared to handle the worst of the breeds - because there are no guarantees. Just elements of risk and probability.