Our dog loves his crate... now 6 and it has been his safe space since 8 weeks old.
Totally agree with poster:
f you crate train properly then crates are great.
Our dogs love them, it's their safe place away from us/our child if they need to be, it's dark and warm and cosy, we know they are safe when we are out, it's never used as punishment, they have plenty of room and if they have ever needed to have any medical treatment which requires them to be separate from the others or cage rest they don't freak out as it's their usual thing.
So ... overnight from 10 or 11 pm until - bizarrely - often as late as 10 am... This used to worry me, and I'd open the door and peer in, and he'd ignore me... so sometimes up at 7 or 8 when we start moving but more often stays in until later.
And during the day, he has three sofas plus two dog bags of his own which he cruises between... though often heads back to his crate for a snooze. It's dark and cozy and enclosed, his little dog cave, whereas the others are open - and clearly much more appealing when the sun is shining.
During the day we will "shut him" in it for two reasons - he's unsettled and needs some calm to settle (too many teenagers rampaging, or just general hullaballoo) - or often when we go out for 1-4 hours ...more often in the evening when he's keenest on it, but often interchangeably with leaving him cruising downstairs. He tends to snooze when we are out and if he needs any help relaxing, the crate is the place.
And yes, I too was horrified by the idea of a crate before we got him - it seemed so cruel - but when we read up about it and saw how happy and calm it made him, we were total converts.
So I think the message is as he grows older is tune into what makes him happiest and what helps calm him... and for now, feel no guilt... so long as he is a happy dog getting enough exercise he is doing great.
And when ours was the same age as yours, we did very occasionally leave him for 4-5 hours snoozing in his crate, knowing he was happiest and calmest there and so long as he was getting his walks and plenty of interaction with us as a family this was the best thing for him.