I can't give you a 'top 10' as there's insufficient evidence and so much can be mitigated through responsible breeding practices and genetic testing, but here are some general principles.
Look for 'functional breeds' - dogs that come from working lines or have been bred to do a job rather than look a certain way will generally be healthier. But be aware they may need significantly more mental stimulation
Otherwise look for an accredited (not licensed) breeder that performs ALL of the recommended health tests and raises pups in a home environment. Ideally they should use the RSPCA puppy contract or similar.
Avoid extremes of conformation. The farther removed a dog is from the average stray dog/landrace type, the more likely it's been heavily selected for looks over health. Google some pictures of stray dogs in India etc for pictures of how functional dogs should look.
Look at breed club websites. I was recently down a terrier internet rabbit-hole and stumbled across the Skye terrier breed club. Their website is VERY clear that dog welfare and health testing are essential parts of being a Skye terrier breeder. It's refreshing to see responsible breeders taking leadership on this.
Avoid 'fashionable' breeds. They're usually overbred to meet commercial demand with no regard for health or welfare. Look for native breeds, especially those that are 'endangered' or unfashionable - they often have extremely passionate and responsible breeders.
Look at breeds that are unrecognised/recently recognised by the KC. This can be a double-edged sword as unrecognised breeds are generally not health tested. However they're often also not bred to meet an impossible standard. One reason JRTs are pretty healthy is that for generations they've been a functional type rather than a KC breed.
I'd say in general, responsible breeding is key. Yes all breeds can have health problems but avoiding long backs, super short legs, flat faces, domed skulls and other non-functional conformation is also key.