All dogs learn in the same way which is repeating rewarded behaviour BUT (before you all shout all dogs are different etc etc).
What however is different for each dog is the motivator - food is the no 1 motivator for many dogs - but many dogs do not get too turned on by food and toys may be a better motivator. ALL dogs do have a motivator so all dogs can learn. Dogs can learn to be motivated by food and it makes our lives much easier if you do work on that.
Interesting what you are saying about removing things Bitey
What you are describing is negative punishment eg removing something a dog wants -this is the only form of punishment that does work.
Positive punishment is adding something so hitting the dog to stop it doing something -the dog may stop but it has learnt nothing so will repeat the inappropriate behaviour (and is completely scare and confused!)
So whatever the dog and what ever the behaviour positive reinforcement is the way to teach a dog something -just make sure you use a motivator that the dogs wants.
I have worked with 10000,s of dogs for many years and I have never found a stubborn dog - the dog has never chosen not to do something if they really want the reward . I have however seen dogs being offered the wrong motivator.
I love the boundary debate - as if dogs are sitting there wondering what boundary can I cross today
Dogs like consistency and will repeat rewarded behaviour (have I mentioned that already!) so just stick to what you want your dog to do.
If he allowed on the sofa always let him on the sofa
if he is allowed to jump up let him jump up even if you do have your best coat on etc
Just be consistent.