Agree with the others here - the dogs you listed have a HUGE difference in requirements so to save yourself some heartache later forget the type of dog.
Make a list of why you want a dog
What do you want to do with it
What is your daily routine like
Who is going to be looking after the dog the most etc
What will happen to the dog when your DC leave home
What will you do with the dog when you go on holiday
How much are you able to pay for food and insurance (the ones you have listed will have expensive insurance premiums and for a reason!)
How much time and money do you want to spend on grooming
Look at the rescue organisations for the dogs you mention as most of them will have a "is this dog right for me page"
Eg a bulldog will have very different exercise needs for a spaniel - personally I would not touch on due to dodgy breeding and the poor bulldogs that are suffering due to bad breeding. Although things are meant to be changing for bull dogs I would leave well alone for a long time.
Cocker and yorkies are so far apart- cockers will need at least 2 hours off lead work a day, every day for about 14 years they will probably be happiest if trained to do some gundog work even if just for fun. They will need stimulating and a large amount of training.
Yorkies will need less exercise But are terriers and have the terrier trait - they are not lap dogs but will need to be walked carefully away from large dogs and over populated dog walking areas (as large dogs playing with them can easily break bones etc). They will need careful socialisation and not in my view an ideal first timers dog. They will also zoom around the house if not exercised correctly and will need to be taught how to behave around children. Can live for 18 years - what will you be doing in 18 years time!
Bichon frise - do you likee bathing and grooming dogs? Bichons are high maintenance - they need grooming or bathing every 4-6 weeks plus a daily brush. Sometimes are hard to house train so again fine if you are experienced but can be harder for a first time owner - most Bichons hate to be left and will become physically and mentally upset if regularly left. You may find it hard to kennel them if you are going away without them. They bark and with wrong training can be snappy so experienced owners are best. Loads and loads of puppy farmed Bichons around.
Cavalier - again so many health issues and may take ages to research a good breeder. A good breeder will have a waiting list so this breed may take you a year or more to find.
Make a list of what you want from a dog - look at other peoples dogs, do go to a rescue and look at the dogs there often a "mutt" dog is the best dog for many people.
It is best not to buy a dog just on appearance.