Childhood, as a state, was not seen the same way it is now. It was more a of mini-adulthood, training-for-adulthood and less protracted than now.
Thomas More, for example, left formal education at the age of 12 after obtaining a very coveted position as a page in the house of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Although the education of the pages continued, they were expected to do A LOT of real work every day.
Even before this, his school day, and those of his fellow pupils, was incredibly long, something that would be found completely inappropriate for children that age these days.
There just wasn't the luxury of dwelling on a lot of things or the past the way we have now for many.
But it could and did impact, of course. For example, James VI/I grew up experiencing a number of attempts on his life, his mother (whom he didn't really know) for the most part of his early life imprisoned, his father murdered and witnessing some rather bloody struggles for control over him in his minority, was seriously paranoid and quick to believe anything that went wrong was the result of sorcery, demons, devils and the like. Hence, more than a few burned at the stake before he even came to the English throne.