Children can be very angry and judgemental about their parents' perceived weaknesses and failings, including illness, mental illness, disability, relationship breakdown, etc. I'm pretty sure their negative responses are fuelled by fear: they want their parents to be invulnerable super-beings capable of protecting them from every harm and bringing them every delight, and they don't like it when we're not and can't.
It takes some maturity to realise parents are human too, and to accept that parents don't have to be perfect: 'good enough' is, um, good enough. :) Teenagers don't always have that maturity.
To be fair, us grown ups often struggle with that too! IME, it is very common for parents to feel guilty about their own 'shortcomings'. On a bad day, personally, I have felt guilty about being a single parent, having my children by two different dads, being depressed, and having a long term health problem that is limiting my mobility... On a good day, of course, I know none of that is my 'fault', and that it's all part of what makes 'me', and I feel strong and proud of myself... But on a bad day...
The trouble is, teenagers are often very skilled at scenting guilt and weakness. One whiff of you feeling guilty or vulnerable about something, and they'll poke at it with a big sharp stick! If your DD is anything like my DS, Milan, she may be angry and nasty about your depression because she's scared by it, and she's testing to see if you are too. The more confident and strong you get, perhaps, the less she'll feel the need to 'poke'.
The other possibility (and this came up for another poster recently, but I can't remember who) is that if you have been very ill, she hasn't had any emotional 'space' to act up or be a pain or have any problems of her own for a while. Now you're getting better, maybe she does, and maybe she has a bit of a backlog...
Of course I may be totally wrong, but it's probably worth considering :)
What she needs (don't we all?!) is better emotional resilience. It took me years - decades! - to realise I didn't have to make everything 'better' - which was an insurmountable, distressing problem because I already knew that was impossible - I just needed tactics to deal with how I felt when things were 'wrong'. Your DD, it sounds to me, needs better strategies to help her deal with her fears, and especially perhaps her fear of being depressive 'like you'.
You sound very sensible Milan. Personally I have found that dealing with my own depression (and other issues) has given me a lot of insight and understanding. I bet the same is true of you, even if it doesn't feel like it at the moment. :) Good luck with it all. :)