IMO this is the best advice on the thread. It's all well and good naming higher end brands, but with a 'small budget' (definition of this will vary from person to person), you're going to need to buy quite a few basics to start from scratch and it'll quickly be eaten up.
- what are people wearing out for coffee/lunch?
I would probably wear a pair of wide-legged trousers, top or jumper in a tonal colour (make sure it's tucked or hits at the waist), leather belt with gold buckle, gold huggie earrings, and trainers. I've recently overhauled my style and I think neutrals are the secret to looking put together. If you have a black version, a grey version, a cream version and a beige/brown version of this outfit it'll cover a lot of situations. I try not to wear too much colour as I find it harder to look chic.
- What looks nice for work (sometimes have meetings with very cool people)
Above outfit would cover this in my line of work. Personally if meeting with very cool people I'd stick to something simple and understated, I don't have a strong personal sense of style and would be more likely to go wrong if I tried to compete.
- what tops and top layers over jeans?
I don't really wear jeans, I haven't got to grips with the wide legs and I struggle with footwear because it's too wet to wear trainers here a lot of the time. If I'm going casual I'll usually wear leggings (with an oversized shirt and crew socks).
- what shoes would say I realise it’s the mid 2020s?
Someone above covered this well. Chunky ankle boots (usually coming higher up the calf than pre-2020), pointed toe boots for evening or under wide-leg trousers, or retro trainers. I've been reluctant to buy Adidas as I feel like they've been around for ages and must be on the way out, but they seem to keep persisting. I prefer Nike Dunk Lows personally. Loafers are also around, but I think they're tricky to do well if you've lost your confidence.
I'd look on Arket, & Other Stores, Cos, Sezane for inspiration, and buy some bits from H&M, M&S and Uniqlo. My advice would be not to buy lots straight away, as you might find it doesn't work for your lifestyle/you don't enjoy wearing it. Start small. Youtubers/Instagrammers can be good for advice and inspiration too.- I'd advise not to shy away from oversized pieces. It's hard to move away from the 'flattering' shape of tailored clothes, but wearing all fitted clothes is one way to look pretty dated. I still wear skinny jeans, or a more fitted mini dress but I'll balance them with chunky boots and an oversized jumper/blazer.