I have an 8 month old baby, he has only very rarely settled himself to sleep at all, apart from a brief period about at 3 -5 months when he did go to sleep at bedtime on his own. He has never ever gone down for a nap without help.
To get him to sleep at bedtime, at the moment, I either hope he will fall asleep bfing, (not a long term solution I know!), or if that doesn't happen, I sit in his darkened room with him in the cot, either talking on the phone or messing about on the computer listening to him cry and watching him crawl about. This is having some success as he does now sometimes go to sleep like this, although it involves a lot of crying and time, usually about an hour. I sometimes wonder if him crying and being able to see me not picking him up is actually worse than controlled crying. He doesn't cry constantly, just on and off. I sometimes talk to him a bit and put him back on his back.
We have tried reluctantly and half heartedly controlled crying, both nights he cried till he projectile vomited everywhere and I just don't want to do it.
We have always had a proper routine, bath, pyjamas, milk etc. This was working a bit but seemed to stop when he was able to roll over and crawl about.
Naptimes are not so much of a problem, a short walk in the buggy, car drive or a rock in his rocking chair thingy and he is gone, although usually only for 30mins at a time. I have tried to get him to nap in his cot, but this seem to make bedtime even harder as he cries every time he is in cot, 2 or 3 times a day. Also a walk is much more preferable for me than sitting in a darkened room listening to him cry. 
My husband works shifts so is often not around at bedtime so can only help sometimes.
We have hit upon things that work for a short time, like bouncing his mattress up and down, (movement/vibration is a definite help) reading aloud to him, but nothing works for long nor do we want him to rely on these kind of things.
Today has been quite a typical day:
6am wake up
9am half an hour nap
2 or 3pm ish half an hour nap
6.30 or 7 into bed. He's still awake at nearly 8pm
I sometimes wondering whether he is getting enough sleep too, although the HV assures me he is. He doesn't seem tired.
Please be gentle with me, first post although I have lurked a lot during the long evenings of getting him to sleep. Also, tell me this isn't all my fault for cuddling him so much when he was a newborn and not putting him in his cot for naps then!
Crikey sorry this is so long, I have a lot of time to waste on the internet at the moment, and this is getting to be a problem!
On the upside he does usually sleep through, but if he does wake it's a two hour job getting him back to sleep.